Deep-seated gravitational spreading features are spectacular on Mars on the hillslopes of Valles Marineris, both in terms of landform freshness and size. This paper compares their dimensions and those in terrestrial analogue sites in the Tatra Mountains. Gravitational spreading is thought to be inactive in both locations. We find that the height-to-width ratio, ~0.24, is similar in spite of much larger strain in Valles Marineris. We explore the implications.

Soil erosion, especially in vulnerable conditions such as post-fire landscapes or tilled agricultural soils, is greatly affected by the occurrence of bursts of intense rainfall. These are often set within longer periods of less intense rain. This paper documents the nature of the intensity bursts at two Australian locations and shows that high-resolution rainfall records are required in order to make estimates of the intensity. Hourly rainfall data are not suitable for this task.

We studied and mapped uplifted marine terraces in southern Iran that are part of the Makran subduction zone. Our results show that most exposed terraces were formed in the last 35 000–250 000 years. Based on their altitude and the paleo sea-level, we derive surface uplift rates of 0.05–5 mm yr⁻¹. The marine terraces, tilted with a short wavelength of 20–30 km, indicate a heterogeneous accumulation of deformation in the overriding plate.

In the last 50 years the Adygine glacier has been subject to relatively fast recession comparable to other glaciers in Tien Shan. As a consequence, a three-level cascade of glacial lakes formed, two of which were categorised as having medium outburst susceptibility. By 2050, the glacier is expected to have shrunk to 56–73 % of its 2012 extent. Further development of the site will result in formation of new lakes and probably also increase of outburst susceptibility due to permafrost degradation.

We present a modelling framework for the prediction of gravel-bed braided river evolution. The model is unique in that it simplifies sediment transport through the use of empirically-derived relationships between channel form and flood-scale particle transport distances, or path lengths, which ultimately allow for longer duration model runs with reduced computational demand. We use field surveys on two braided rivers to validate the model at the event, annual, and decadal timescales.

Mountain-building processes are often investigated by assuming a steady state, meaning the balance between opposing forces, like mass influx and mass outflux. This work shows that the Olympic Mountains are in flux steady state on long timescales (i.e., 14 Myr), but the flux steady state could be disturbed on shorter timescales, especially by the Plio–Pleistocene glaciation. The contribution highlights the temporally nonsteady evolution of mountain ranges.

In Bangladesh, we measure how water and sediment move through tidal channels in an area heavily impacted by both sea-level rise and the strategies that humans use to adapt. We found that the amount of water moving through the system is largely controlled by the strength of the tides, while the mass of sediment being transported is strongly connected to the season and to a lesser extent the tides. These results are important for developing strategies to protect both human and natural landscapes.

The shape of landscapes is influenced by climate changes, faulting or the nature of the rocks under the surface. One of the most sensitive parts of the landscape to these changes is the river system that eventually adapts to such changes by adapting its slope, the most extreme example being a waterfall. We here present an algorithm that extracts changes in river slope over large areas from satellite data with the aim of investigating climatic, tectonic or geologic changes in the landscape.

In rockfall hazard assessment, knowledge about the precise flight path of assumed boulders is vital for its accuracy. We present the full reconstruction of artificially induced rockfall events. The extracted information such as exact velocities, jump heights and lengths provide detailed insights into how rotating rocks interact with the ground. The information serves as future calibration of rockfall modelling tools with the goal of even more realistic modelling predictions.

Monitoring rock slopes for a long time helps to understand the impact of climate change on the alpine environment. Measurements of seismic signals are often affected by external influences, e.g., unwanted anthropogenic noise. In the presented work, these influences are automatically identified and removed to enable proper geoscientific analysis. The methods presented are based on machine learning and intentionally kept generic so that they can be equally applied in other (more generic) settings.

Glacial erosion is known to limit the height of midlatitude mountain ranges affected by substantial glaciation during cold periods. Our study examines this phenomenon in the tropics. A new form of hypsometric analysis, along with other evidence, of 10 tropical ranges reveals widespread signs of a perched glacial base level at the ELA. Although glacial influence is moderate to weak in these environments, the evidence suggests that glacial erosion acts to limit the height of tropical ranges.

This paper examines how an experimental mega-scale beach nourishment ("Sand Motor") contributes to creating favorable conditions for dune development. These conditions, involving a steady supply of wind-blown sand towards space where it can accumulate, are identified using publicly available remote sensing data. It is demonstrated that the Sand Motor supports a high potential for new dunes to develop, but human disturbances may hamper this development, which negatively impacts coastal safety.

We mapped eight monsoon-related (> 100 m²) and large (> 0.1 km²) landslides in the Nepal Himalayas since 1970. Adding inventories of Holocene landslides, giant landslides (> 1 km³), and landslides from the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, we constrain the size–frequency distribution of monsoon- and earthquake-induced landslides. Both contribute ~50 % to a long-term (> 10 kyr) total erosion of ~2 mm yr^-1, matching the long-term exhumation rate. Large landslides rarer than ¹⁰Be sampling time drive erosion.